Class – 12 (Physics,Chemistry,Biology & Mathematics)

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Topics Covered in doubtbox Educational Pen Drive

PHYSICS

Chapter 1. Electric Charges and Fields

Introduction, Electric Charge, Conductors and Insulators, Charging by Induction, Basic Properties of Electric Charge, Coulomb’s Law, Forces between Multiple Charges, Electric Field, Electric Field Lines, Electric Flux, Electric Dipole, Dipole in a Uniform External Field, Continuous Charge Distribution, Gauss’s Law, Applications of Gauss’s Law, Summary

Chapter 2. Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

Introduction, Electrostatic Potential, Potential Due to a Point Charge, Potential Due to an Electric Dipole, Potential Due to a System of Charges, Equipotential Surfaces, Potential Energy of a system of charges, Potential Energy in an External Field, Electrostatics of Conductors, Dielectrics and Polarisation, Capacitors and Capacitance, The Parallel Plate Capacitor, Effect of Dielectric on Capacitance, Combination of Capacitors, Energy Stored in a Capacitor, Van De Graaff Generator, Summary

Chapter 3. Current Electricity

Introduction, Electric Current, Electric Currents in Conductors, Ohm’s  Law, Drift of Electrons and the origin of Resistivity, Limitations of Ohm’s Law, Resistivity of Various Materials, Temperature Dependence of Resistivity, Electrical  Energy, Power, Combination of Resistors- Series and Parallel, Cells, EMF, Internal Resistance, Cells in Series and in Parallel, Kirchhoff’s Law, Wheatstone Bridge, Meter Bridge, Potentiometer, Summary

Chapter 4. Moving Charges and Magnetism

Introduction, Magnetic Force, Motion in a Magnetic Field, Motion in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields, Magnetic Field due to a Current Element Biot-Savart Law, Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop, Ampere’s Circuital Law, The Solenoid and The Toroid, Force between two parallel currents, the Ampere, Torque on Current Loop, Magnetic Dipole, The Moving Coil Galvanometer, Summary

Chapter 5. Magnetism and Matter

Introduction, The Bar Magnet, Magnetism and Guass’s Law, The Earth’s Magnetism, Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity, Magnetic Properties of Materials, Permanent magnets and Electromagnets, Summary

Chapter 6. Electromagnetic Induction

Introduction, The experiments of Faraday and Henry, Magnetic Flux, Faraday’s Law of Induction, Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy, Motional Electromotive Force, Energy Consideration: A Quantitative Study, Eddy Currents, Inductance, AC Generator, Summary

Chapter 7. Alternating Current

Introduction, AC Voltage applied to a Resistor, Representation of AC Current and Voltage by Rotating Vectors- Phasors, AC Voltage applied to an Inductor, AC Voltage applied to a Capacitor, AC Voltage applied to a Series LCR Circuit, Power in AC Circuit: The Power Factor, LC Oscillations, Transformers, Summary

Chapter 8. Electromagnetic Waves

Introduction, Displacement Current, Electromagnetic Waves, Nature of Electromagnetic Waves, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Summary

Chapter 9. Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Introduction, Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors, Refraction, Total Internal Reflection, Total internal reflection in nature and its technological applications, Refraction at  Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses, Refraction through a Prism, Dispersion by a Prism, Some Natural Phenomena due to Sunlight, Optical Instruments, Summary

Chapter 10. Wave Optics

Introduction, Huygens Principle, Refraction and Reflection of Plane Waves using Huygens Principle, Coherent and incoherent Addition of Waves, Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment, Diffraction, Polarisation, Polarisation by Scattering, Summary

Chapter 11. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

Introduction, Electron Emission, Phototelctric Effect, Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect, Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light, Einstein’s Photoelctric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation, Particle Nature of Light: The photon, Wave Nature of Matter, Davisson and Germer Experiment, Summary

Chapter 12. Atoms

Introduction, Alpha-Particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom, Atomic Spectra, Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom, The Line Spectra of Hydrogen Atom, De Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Second Postulate of Quantisation, Summary

Chapter 13. Nuclei

Introduction, Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus, Size of the Nucleus, Nuclear Force, Radioactivity, Nuclear Energy, Summary

Chapter 14. Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits

Introduction, Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors, Intrinsic Semiconductor, Extrinsic Semiconductor, p-n Junction, Semiconductor Diode, Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier, Special  Purpose of  p-n Junction Diodes, Junction Transistor, Digital Electronics and Logic Gates, Integrated Circuits, Summary

Chapter 15. Communication Systems

Introduction, Elements of a Communication System, Basic Terminology used in Electronic Communication Systems, Bandwidth of Signals, Bandwidth of Transmission Medium, Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves, Modulation and its Necessity, Amplitude Modulation, Production of Amplitude Modulated Wave, Detection of Amplitude Modulated Wave, Summary

CHEMISTRY

Chapter 1. The Solid State

Introduction, Amorphous and Crystalline Solids, Classification of Crystalline Solids, Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells, Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell, Close Packed Structures, Packing Efficiency, Calculations Involving Unit Cell Dimensions, Imperfections in Solids, Electrical Properties, Magnetic Properties, Summary

Chapter 2. Solutions

Types of Solutions, Expressing Concentration of Solutions, Solubility, Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions, Ideal and Non ideal Solutions, Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass, Abnormal Molar Masses, Summary

Chapter 3. Electrochemistry

Electrochemical Cells, Galvanic Cells, Nernst Equation, Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions, Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis, Batteries, Fuel Cells, Corrosion, Summary

Chapter 4. Chemical kinetics

Rate of a Chemical Reaction, Factors Influencing Rate of a Reaction, Integrated Rate Equations, Pseudo First Order Reaction, Temperature Dependence of the Rate of a Reaction, Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions, Summary

Chapter 5. Surface Chemistry

Adsorption, Catalysis, Colloids, Classification of Colloids, Emulsions, Colloids Around Us, Summary

Chapter 6. General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

Occurrence of Metals, Concentration of Ores, Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore, Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy, Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy, Oxidation Reduction, Refining, Uses of Aluminium, Copper, Zinc and Iron, Summary

Chapter 7. The p-Block Elements

Group 15 Elements, Dinitrogen, Ammonia, Oxides of Nitrogen, Nitric Acid, Phosphorus —Allotropic Forms, Phosphine, Phosphorus Halides, Oxoacids of Phosphorus, Group 16 Elements, Dioxygen, Simple Oxides, Ozone, Sulphur —Allotropic Forms, Sulphur Dioxide, Oxoacids of Sulphur, Sulphuric Acid, Group 17 Elements, Chlorine, Hydrogen Chloride, Oxoacids of Halogens, Interhalogen Compounds, Group 18 Elements, Summary

Chapter 8. The d- and f- Block Elements

Position in the Periodic Table, Electronic Configuration of the d-Block Elements, General Properties of the Transition Elements (d-Block), Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements, The  Inner Transition Elements ( f-BLOCK), The Actinoids, Some Applications of d- and f-Block Elements, Summary

Chapter 9. Coordination Compounds

Werner’s Theory of Coordination Compounds, Definitions of Some Important Terms Pertaining to Coordination Compounds, Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds, Isomerism in Coordination Compounds, Bonding in Coordination Compounds, Bonding in Metal Carbonyls, Stability of Coordination Compounds, Importance and Applications of Coordination Compounds, Summary

Chapter 10. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Classification, Nomenclature, Nature of C-X Bond, Methods of Preparation, Physical Properties, Chemical Reactions, Polyhalogen Compounds, Summary

Chapter 11. Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Classification, Nomenclature, Structures of Functional Groups, Alcohols and Phenols- Preparation of Alcohols, Some Commercially Important Alcohols, Ethers, Summary

Chapter 12. Aldehydes,Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Nomenclature and Structure of Carbonyl Group, Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones, Physical Properties, Chemical Reactions, Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones, Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group, Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids, Physical Properties, Chemical Reactions, Uses of Carboxylic Acids, Summary

Chapter 13. Amines

Structure of Amines, Classification, Nomenclature, Preparation of Amines, Physical Properties, Chemical Reactions, Method of Preparation of Diazoniun Salts, Importance of Diazonium Salts in Synthesis of Aromatic Compounds, Summary

Chapter 14. Biomolecules

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Enzymes, Vitamins, Nucleic Acids, Summary

Chapter 15. Polymers

Classification of Polymers, Types of Polymerisation Reactions, Molecular Mass of Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, Polymers of Commercial Importance, Summary

Chapter 16. Chemistry in Everyday life

Drugs and their Classification, Drug-Target Interaction, Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs, Chemicals in Food, Cleansing Agents, Summary

MATHEMATICS

Chapter 1. Relations and Functions

Introduction, Types of Relations, Types of Functions, Composition of Functions and Invertible Function, Binary Operations, Summary

Chapter 2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Introduction, Basic Concepts, Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions, Summary

Chapter 3. Matrices

Introduction, Matrix, Types of Matrices, Operations on Matrices, Transpose of a Matrix, Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices, Elementary Operation of a Matrix, Invertible Matrices, Summary

Chapter 4. Determinants

Introduction, Determinant, Properties of Determinants, Area of a Triangle, Minors and Cofactors, Adjoint and Inverse of a Matrix, Applications of Determinants and Matrices, Summary

Chapter 5. Continuity and Differentiability

Introduction, Continuity, Differentiability, Exponential and Logarithmic Functions, Logarithmic Differentiation, Derivatives of Functions in Parametric Forms, Second Order Derivative, Mean Value Theorem, Summary

Chapter 6. Application of Derivatives

Introduction, Rate of Change of Quantities, Increasing and Decreasing Functions, Tangents and Normals, Approximations, Maxima and Minima, Summary

Chapter 7. Integrals

Introduction, Integration as an Inverse Process of Differentiation, Methods of Integration, Integrals of Some Particular Functions, Integration by Partial Fractions, Integration by Parts, Definite Integral, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Some Properties of Definite Integrals,  Summary

Chapter 8. Application of Integrals

Introduction, Area under Simple Curves, Area between Two Curves, Summary

Chapter 9. Differential Equations

Introduction, Basic Concepts, General and Particular Solutions of a Differential Equation, Formation of a Differential Equation whose General Solution is given, Methods of Solving First Order, First Degree Differential Equations, Summary

Chapter 10. Vector Algebra

Introduction, Some Basic Concepts, Types of Vectors, Addition of Vectors, Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar, Product of Two Vectors, Summary

Chapter 11. Three Dimensional Geometry

Introduction, Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios of a Line, Equation of a Line in Space, Angle between Two Lines, Shortest Distance between Two Lines, Plane, Coplanarity of Two Lines, Angle between Two Planes, Distance of a Point from a Plane, Angle between a Line and a Plane, Summary

Chapter 12. Linear Programming

Introduction, Linear Programming Problem and its Mathematical Formulation, Different Types of Linear Programming Problems, Summary

Chapter 13. Probability

Introduction, Conditional Probability, Multiplication Theorem on Probability, Independent Events, Bayes Theorem, Random Variables and its Probability Distributions, Bernoulli Trials and Binomial Distribution, Summary

BIOLOGY

Chapter 1. Reproduction In Organisms

Asexual Reproduction, Sexual reproduction, Summary

Chapter 2. Sexual Reproduction Flowering Plants

Flower – A Fascinating Organ Of Angiosperms, Pre-Fretilisation: Structures and Events, Double Fertilisation, Post- Fertilisation : Structures and Events, Summary

Chapter 3. Human Reproduction

The Male Reproductive System, The Female Reproductive System, Gametogenesis, Menstural Cycle, Fertilisation and Implantation, Pregnancy and Embryonic Development, Parturition and Lactation, Summary

Chapter 4. Reproductive  Health

Reproductive health- Problems and Strategies, Population Explosion and Birth Control, Medical Termination of Pregnancy(MTP), Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDS), Infertility, Summary

Chapter 5. Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Mendel’s Law of Inheritance, Inheritance of One Gene, Inheritance of Two Genes, Sex Determination, Mutation, Genetic Disorders, Summary

Chapter 6. Molecular Basis of Inheritance

The DNA, The Search for Genetic Material, RNA World, Replication, Transcription, Genetic Code, Translation, Regulation of Gene Expression, Human Genome Project, DNA Fingure printing, Summary

Chapter 7. Evolution

Origin of Life, Evolution of Life Forms – A Theory, What  are the  Evidences For Evolution?, What is Adaptive Radiation?, Biological Evolution, Mechanism of Evolution, Hardy-Weinberg Principle, A Brief Account of Evolution, Origin and Evolution of Man, Summary

Chapter 8. Human Health and Disease

Common Diseases in Humans, Immunity, Aids, Cancer, Drugs and Alcohol  Abuse, Summary

Chapter 9. Startegies for Enhancement in Food Prodcution

Animal Husbandry, Plant Breeding, Single Cell Protein (SCP), Tissue Culture, Summary

Chapter 10. Microbes in Human Welfare

Microbes in Household products, Microbes in Industrial products, Microbes in Sewage Treatment, Microbes in Production of Biogas, Microbes in Biocontrol Agents, Microbes or Biofertilisers, Summary

Chapter 11. Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

Principles of Biotechnology, Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology, Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology, Summary

Chapter 12. Biotechnology and its Applications

Biotechnological Applications  in Agriculture, Biotechnical Applications in Medicine, Transgenic Animals, Ethical Issues,  Summary

Chapter 13. Organisms and Populations

Organism and its Environment, Populations, Summary

Chapter 14. Ecosystem

Ecosystem- Struture and Function, Productivity, Decomposition, Energy Flow, Ecological Pyramids, Ecological Succession, Nutrient Cycling, Ecosystem Services, Summary

Chapter 15. Biodiversity and Conservation

Biodiversity, Biodiversity Conservation, Summary

Chapter 16. Environmental Issues

Air Pollution and its Control, Water Pollution and its Control, Solid Wastes, Agro- Chemicals and their Effects, Radio Active Wastes, Green House Effect and Global Warming, Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere, Degradation by improper resource utilisation and maintenance, Deforestation, Summary